Definition and Discussion of Writing Portfolios

In composition studies, a writing portfolio is a collection of student writing (in print or electronic form) thats intended to demonstrate the writers development over the course of one or more academic terms. Since the 1980s, writing portfolios have become an increasingly popular form of student assessment in composition courses taught in colleges and universities, especially in the U.S. Examples and Observations According to The Brief Wadsworth Handbook: The purpose of a writing portfolio is to demonstrate a writers improvement and achievements. Portfolios allow writers to collect a body of writing in one place and to organize and present it in an effective, attractive format, giving the instructor a view of a students writing that focuses more on the complete body of work than on individual assignments. While compiling individual items (sometimes called artifacts) to include in their portfolios, students reflect on their work and measure their progress; as they do so, they may improve their ability to evaluate their own work. Process-Writing Portfolios The process-writing portfolio is an instructional tool that manifests the stages and efforts in the writing process. It also contains completed, unfinished, abandoned, or successful work. Process-writing portfolios typically contain brainstorming activities, clustering, diagramming, outlining, freewriting, drafting, redrafting in response to teacher/peer review, and so forth. Thus, a picture of the current state of an individuals composing process is revealed. The two essential pedagogical elements in the process-writing portfolio are student reflection and teacher inquiry, says Joanne Ingham, who conducts empirical studies at undergraduate institutions. Reflective Statements Most instructors who assign portfolios will also ask you to write statements in which you reflect on your writing process—what you think you did well, what still needs improvement, and what you have learned about writing. Some teachers ask students to write reflective statements or a letter to the teacher for each assignment. Others may ask for just an end-of-semester statement...., according to developmental writing instructor Susan Anker. Feedback According to author Susan M. Brookhart, PhD, With or without rubrics, portfolios are also an excellent vehicle for teachers to give verbal feedback to students. Teachers can provide written feedback on the portfolio itself, or, especially for younger students, they can provide oral feedback using the portfolio as the focus of brief student conferences. Portfolio Assessment Julie Neff-Lippman, director at the Center for Writing, Learning, and Teaching at the University of Puget Sound writes: Portfolios have been seen as valid because they measure what they say they will measure—students ability to write and revise in a rhetorical setting. However, critics question the reliability of portfolio assessment. Pointing to the number of times a paper can be revised, some claim it is often impossible to determine how competent the student writer is or how much help a student has received during the revision process (Wolcott, 1998, p. 52). Others claim there are too many variables with portfolio assessment and that portfolios do not hold up well enough to statistical measures for them to be considered a reliable assessment instrument (Wolcott, 1998, p. 1). To address the problems with reliability, some schools have added a timed essay test to the portfolio assessment. Still, others believe that the validity of portfolio assessment outweighs the reliabilit y problems associated with it and that portfolio assessment is the kind of evaluation most consistent with the values of compositionists.According to the book, Teaching Writing in the Content Areas, [O]ne clear benefit of portfolio assessment is that teachers do not have to mark every writing error, because they usually score portfolios using holistic methods. Students, in turn, benefit because they can identify the content and writing skills they have mastered and the areas they need to improve.It should be pointed out that portfolios do not necessarily bring greater accuracy to assessment, but they do promote a greater awareness of what good writing might be and how it might be best achieved. The advantages lay principally in that the validity, and value, of assessment is increased if it is situated in teaching and based on a clearer understanding of writing, says writer Ken Hyland.   Sources Anker, Susan. Real Essays With Readings: Writing Projects for College, Work, and Everyday Life. 3rd ed, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Brookhart, Susan M., Portfolio Assessment. 21st Century Education: A Reference Handbook. Edited by Thomas L. Good. Sage, 2008. Hyland, Ken. Second Language Writing. Cambridge University Press, 2003. Ingham, Joanne. Meeting the Challenges of an Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum. Practical Approaches to Using Learning Styles in Higher Education. Edited by Rita Dunn and Shirley A. Griggs. Greenwood, 2000. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. The Brief Wadsworth Handbook. 7th ed, Wadsworth, 2012. Neff-Lippman, Julie Assessing Writing. Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Edited by Irene L. Clark. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003. Urquhart, Vicki and Monette McIver. Teaching Writing in the Content Areas. ASCD, 2005. Wolcott, Willa and Sue M. Legg. An Overview of Writing Assessment: Theory, Research, and Practice. NCTE, 1998.

Essay on Modest Proposal - 728 Words

Modest Proposal Animals or Students? It brings great obstacles to those who walk down the halls of Silverado High School day in and day out to be by bombarded by thirty-six hundred plus students. This prompts trying to go to the bathroom between classes beyond implausible, for it’s intense enough to just make it to class on time as it is without trying to make a pit stop at the bathroom. Students have been reduced to plowing and shoving their way through people in order to possibly make it to class and be in their seat before the tardy bell rings. I think all parents and more important, students involved will agree that this gargantuan number of students trying to push through one another to make it to the restroom or simply to†¦show more content†¦This will give students forty-five minutes to get to class and to get to class in one piece. To get from one class to another, one will have to go through a series of locks and wait for the pasture to clear, thereby constituting the additional hours of sc hool. The new system will cut done on the calculated five hundred fights each day that occur trying to get to class. It has been proven that ninety-five percent of these fights occur from pushing, squeezing, or shoving through people, with the other five percent occurring from giving someone stopped in the middle of the hall a dirty look. Through studies conducted by the Society of Higher Education, it has been documented that a teacher can teach up to sixty students successfully. Teachers only need fifteen minutes of quality time to teach a new lesson, the rest of the fifty minutes will be used for calming down the students and answering questions. With this programs, the students will require at least an hour per class for homework outside of school to learn the material dictated in those fifteen minutes of teaching. To help teachers keep better track of their students, a micro chip will be place in the flesh of the back of their neck. This will illuminate the need to take roll, for as the student enters the class their number will be recorded in a new main stream computer system costing a hundred thousand dollars per computer with a total of ten computers. This list will then record theShow MoreRelatedModest Proposal1066 Words   |  5 PagesA Modest Proposal was a satirical essay written by Jonathan Swift de picting the horrific conditions of Ireland and the lives of the Irish people in 1729. Swift writes the satire disguised as a social planner of the time who as Swift satirizes were known to be overly rational rather than compassionate. The author portrays and attacks the cruel and unjust oppression of Ireland by its oppressor, the mighty English and ridicules the Irish people at the same time. However, Swifts opposition is indirectlyRead MoreA Modest Proposal1096 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Dr. Anthony McCormack Strayer University World Culture II Gladys A. Reyes July 25, 2015 In the satire â€Å"A Modest Proposal’, Jonathan Swift expresses his feelings of frustration with regard to the aggravation and political issues in Ireland. He describes being frustrated with the indifference of Ireland politicians, the wealthy, the English tyranny, and the degradation and poor conditions in which many poor, Irish women and children have been forcedRead MoreA Modest Proposal Essay1095 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Swift’s satire, â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift writes about the starving people of Ireland in the early 1700’s. He makes a wild and absurd proposal to help remedy the problems of overpopulation and poverty. Swift wants to make a political statement by using the â€Å"children† as satire to grasp the attention of the audience - the English people, the Irish politicians and the rich – and make them aware of the political, moral, and social problems. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, Swift’s arguments are presentedRead MoreAnalysis on a Modest Proposal1421 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Commentary – Digression â€Å" A modest proposal† by Jonathan Swift is a rhetoric piece that satirizes the dismal political, social and economic conditions in 18th century Ireland. As a solution, the preposterous proposal suggests that the Irish eat their own babies; as it is logically viable, and economically profitable: a condition adhering to the rational mentality of the age of reason. Swift develops his argument on two levels: A seemingly intellectual persona, caricaturized on a stereotypicalRead MoreAnalysis of A Modest Proposal873 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, the writer of the satirical essay A Modest Proposal, grew up and lived in Ireland during times of famine and economic struggles (Conditions). Growing up with a single mother and no father, Swift knew what hard times and struggles were like (Jonathan Swift: Biography). His essay proposes an easy solution to the economic problems going on in Ireland for both the wealthy ruling classes and the poorer classes, although his intention s and the meaning behind his words are not what wouldRead MoreSatire In A Modest Proposal2026 Words   |  9 Pagesand no one else had anything to do with it. This was a common theme centuries ago, and it still a common theme today, though which particular characterizes makes someone privileged continues to change over time. In Jonathan Swift’s essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Swift uses the elements of satire to ridicule Irish oppressors, specifically the Catholics and the rich. LITERARY ANALYSIS One of the most commonly used elements of satire is irony, which Swift uses freely to show the monetary and religiousRead MoreSummary Of A Modest Proposal 1304 Words   |  6 Pageseconomical problems such as poverty and overpopulation. Throughout Swifts writing we are able to recognize many things such as his purpose for writing â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and how it’s achieved, the form of emotional and logical appeal he uses to draw in his readers, along with his strongest and weakest elements in his text. Although Swift proposes his modest idea of selling children into the meat market, that is not his real solution, it is simply an idea that he proposes to get his point across that ifRead MoreJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal949 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift takes place in Dublin Ireland in the 18th century. The narrator is a very ironic character. His â€Å"modest† proposal is anything but modest. This short story takes place during a famine. Since there was a famine, Swift proposes the idea that people sell their one year old children to the rich so they would not be a burden to their family. One important way in which the author engages the audience’s attention and tries to help his readers see deeper politicalRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift860 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was informed to read â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift as an assignment for creating annotated bibliographies, I began to develop an interest on how Swift came about the matter of his request into rebuilding Ireland s economy and way of life. I believed that Swift added cannibalizing children to the subject matter to give his proposal a more profound and eye-opening effect, but my readings further piqued my interests on the topic. As a result, I researched Jonathan Swift’s motives andRead MoreSatire Modest Proposal Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesupon deaf ears and change can be slow or non-existent. However some social commentators, such as Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet A Modest Proposal, use clever, targeted, and ironic criticism to bring the social state of Ireland to the attention of indolent aristocrats. He accomplishes such criticism through satire, specifically Juvenanlian satire. Swift’s A Modest Proposal stands as a perfect example of the type of satire that plays upon the audience’s emotion by creating anger concerning the indifference

Determining Training Effectiveness Free Essays

Abstract Measuring the effectiveness of training programs is a highly important aspect for organizations. However, not many organizations have properly mastered the technique of measuring training effectiveness. This research proposal outlines a plan to conduct research upon the importance of training effectiveness and the methods used in order to do so in organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Training Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Making use of available literature, a case study related to the topic, and with the aid of content analysis, the study aims to find the most appropriate methods of determining training effectiveness. The research proposal contains information regarding authors such as Kirkpatrick, Erikson, and others who have contributed to the literature on the topic and provides information on the methodology, limitations, and timescale of the study. 1. Introduction Background to the Study: Human resource management is an essential component of managing an organization as employees are one of the organization’s most valuable assets. Hence, it is highly important for organizations to provide their employees with training and attempt to polish and enhance their employees’ skills. While there are several methods used to train employees, it is also highly essential to determine the level of effectiveness of the training (Rae, 1985). The main aim of this dissertation will be to explore the various ways in which organizations can determine their training effectiveness and determine which methods are most suitable for their organization. This is a highly important topic from a business perspective as this dissertation will provide organizations with information regarding how to determine and measure the effectiveness of their training programs and change the manner in which they provide training if needed. This topic is also highly relevant from an academic perspective as business students are often given ample information regarding training procedures, but there is not a vast amount of research concerning the determination of the effectiveness of training. Organization under Study: As rigorous training procedures and the need for determining training effectiveness usually exists within large organizations, the study will base its research upon the study of one or more organizations, according to where access can be gained. Problem Statement: While many organizations employ rigorous training procedures to enhance the skills of their employees, many organizations are not completely familiar with the processes involved in measuring training effectiveness and choosing appropriate training methods. Proposal Structure: The proposal will commence with a brief literature review summarizing the main authors providing research upon the mentioned topic and deriving the main and subsidiary research questions relevant to this study. The proposed methodology of the research will be summarized including methods of data collection and data analysis. The accessibility to information and the limitations of the study will be summarized subsequently and the proposal will end with a timescale for the completion of the dissertation. 2. Literature Review Literature Review: As mentioned by Kirkpatrick (Newstorm, 1995) , it is highly essential for organizations to be able to measure the effectiveness of a training program as without doing so may result in a huge loss of time, money, and effort. Hence, one of the main theories to measuring training effectiveness was devised by Kirkpatrick in the form of a four-level evaluation model. The four levels of evaluation mentioned include reaction, learning, behavior, and results. While Kirkpatrick is also a high authority on the subject, there are other authors who also provide vital information for this study including Kolb, Erikson, Bloom, and Rae. Leslie Rae has provided a vast amount of information regarding measuring the effectiveness of training in the workplace and has laid a high amount of emphasis upon procedures of self-assessment, follow-up tools, and evaluation techniques (Rae, 1985) Similarly, Bloom has also devised a theory known as Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains and discusses the various principles in training design and thus increasing the effectiveness of training (Reeves, 1990). However, while it is important to devise effective training programs and measure the effectiveness of these programs, it is also important to understand how to provide this training (Walsh, 2011). Thus, Erik Erikson’s PsychoSocial Lifestages Theory explains the various training and development needs for individuals at different stages in their life (Zwik, 2012) and in order for organizations to effectively design training programs, it is essential to consider the points made in this theory (Munley, 1977). Likewise, another important aspect of measuring training effectiveness is choosing the most appropriate evaluation method as emphasized in the Learning Styles Theory included in Kolb’s model (Sugarman, 1985). These main theories and others such as Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs (Huitt, 2007) and Herzberg’s two factor theory (Gardener, 2011) will be included in the discussion concerning the measurement of training effectiveness in the dissertation and accordingly give rise to the following research questions. Research Questions What is the importance of evaluating training effectiveness and why is it needed in organizations What methods can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of training in organizations How can organizations choose evaluation methods relevant to the type of training they offer 3. Methodology Data Collection: The data collected for this study will be qualitative and quantitative in nature and this study will make use of both primary and secondary data for the purpose of research. Secondary data will be collected through the means of journals, online sources, books, company prospectuses, and other academic sources. This study will also use the aid of primary material in the form of questionnaires and interviews in order to gain fresh insight into the topic. As this study is an exploratory study requiring an in-depth analysis of the mentioned topic, the study will aim to incorporate and examine as much relevant literature as possible and also use the aid of primary research in order to compare the findings of the literature review with fresh data retrieved through questionnaires and interviews. The proposed methods are most appropriate because a substantial amount of literature is available on the topic and the use of questionnaires and interviews are most convenient for gathering primary data. Data Analysis: The data collected will be analyzed through the means of classic content analysis and through the evaluation and interpretations of the researcher regarding the data in question. The researcher will compare and contrast the data available and find relevance in the material available used for the purpose of research in order to derive conclusions regarding the data (Hsieh Shannon, 2005). The closed-ended data in the questionnaire will be analyzed through the means of statistical measures to numerate the most popular responses. Open-ended questions in the questionnaire will be analyzed through classic content analysis. Access: Access to data is available through online sources, libraries, and the researcher’s own collection of literature regarding the mentioned topic. Access to companies for the sake of primary research will be gained through permission and scheduling a time for the interview and dispersement of questionnaire. Research Limitations: The limitations of this research include that it may be difficult to gain access to company employees for the sake of primary research and honest responses in questionnaires cannot be guaranteed. Moreover, there are often problems in correctly evaluating qualitative data and arriving at valid and reliable conclusions (Hsieh Shannon, 2005). Timescale: Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Organizing Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Writing First Draft†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Proofreading First Draft†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Finishing and Submitting Dissertation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Gardner, G. 2011. â€Å"Is there a Valid Test to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?†. Journal of Occupational Psychology. Vol. 50:3 pp 197-204 Hsieh, HF. Shannon, SE. 2005. â€Å"Three Approaches to Qualitative ContentAnalysis†. Quality Health Records. Vol. 15:9 pp. 1277-1288 Huitt, W. 2007. â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs†. Educational Psychology Interactive. [online] Accessed on: 4th February, 2013 Available at: http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.html Munley, PH. 1977. â€Å"Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development and Career Development†. Journal of Vocational Behavior. Vol. 10:3 pp.261-269 Newstorm, JW. 1995. â€Å"Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels by Donald L. Kirkpatrick (1994)† Human Resource Development Quarterly. Vol. 6:3 pp.317-320 Rae, L. 1985. How to Measure Training Effectiveness. Aldershot: England Reeves, MF. 1990. â€Å"An Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy to the Teaching of Business Ethics†. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 9:7 pp.609-616 Sugarman, L. 1985. â€Å"Kolb’s Model of Experiental Learning: Touchstone for Trainers, Students, Counsellors, and Clients.† Journal of Counselling and Development. Vol. 64:4 pp. 264-268 Walsh, BM. 2011. â€Å"Workplace Incivility: A Model of Training Effectiveness† Thesis: University of Connecticut Zwik, T. 2012. â€Å"Training effectiveness- differences between older and younger employees†. Working and ageing. Vol. 4 How to cite Determining Training Effectiveness, Essay examples

Credit risk management free essay sample

Indian economy today is in the process of becoming a world class economy. The Indian banking industry is making great advancement in terms of quality, quantity, expansion and diversification and is keeping up with the updated technology, ability; stability and thrust of a financial system, where the commercial banks play a very important role emphasize the need of a strong effective control system with extra concern for the risk involved in the business. In the fast growing world, banks are facing many types of risks among which credit risk stands at the top of the list. One bank was chosen to understand the practices followed by them in depth. Vijaya bank is one of the public sector banks and is supposed to be in line with RBI guidelines. This helped in understanding the credit risk management practices followed by the bank in a better way. GLOBAL SCENARIO The period 2007-2012 underwent financial crisis, also known as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), or the â€Å"Great Recession†, is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the great depression of the 1930? This resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national Governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Credit risk management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the housing market suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment contributing to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a significant decline in the economic activity, leading to a severe 2008-2012 global recessions. The bursting of the U. S.  housing bubble, which peaked in 2007, caused the values of securities tied to U. S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of valuation and liquidity problems in the United States banking system in 2008. Securities in stock markets suffered large losses during the 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed down during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. This financial crisis ended by around late 2008 and mid-2009. The current European sovereign debt crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to re-finance their Government debt without the assistance of third parties. From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors as a result of the rising Government debt levels around the world together with a wave of downgrading of Government debt in some European states. Concerns intensified in early 2010 and thereafter, leading Europe? Fnance ministers on 9 May 2010 approved a rescue package worth â‚ ¬750 billion to ensure financial stability across Europe creating the European financial stability facility (EFSF). In October 2011 and February 2012, the Euro zone leaders agreed on more measures designed to prevent the collapse of member economies. DOMESTIC SCENARIO Indian banking industry has evolved over a long period of more than two centuries. Despite the recent growth of private banks, the sector is dominated by Government-controlled banks that hold nearly three-fourths of total banks assets. Indian banking industry is considered to be very stable with healthy balance sheets and low exposure to risky assets. The global financial crises have not affected the Indian banks significantly. Internet, wireless technology and global straight-through processing have created a paradigm shift in the banking industry. In India, the most significant achievement of the financial sector reforms is the improvement in the financial health of commercial banks in terms of capital adequacy, profitability and asset quality as well as greater attention to risk management. As now banks benchmark themselves against global standards, they have increased the disclosures and transparency in bank balance sheets, the banks also started focusing more on corporate governance. RISKS FACED IN AN ORGANIZATION Risk Management Risk is derived from the Italian word ResCare meaning â€Å"to dare†. Risk is â€Å"the probability of the unexpected happening – the probability of suffering a loss†. Risk provides the basis for opportunity. Risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it. Identifying exposures and risks forms the basis for an appropriate financial risk management strategy. In the financial arena, enterprise risks can be broadly categorized as credit risk, market risk, operational risk, strategic risk, funding risk, political and legal risk. TYPES OF RISKS Risk faced by the bank can be segmented into three separable types from the management perspective.. †¢Risks that can be eliminated or avoided by simple business practices †¢Risks that can be transferred to other business participants (e. g.: insurance policy). Risks that can be actively managed at the Bank level. Risk is any real or potential event, action or omission, internal or external, which will have an adverse impact on the achievement of bank’s defined objectives. It is inherent in every business. Risk cannot be totally eliminated but is to be managed. Risks are to be categorized as high risk, medium risk and low risk and managed. Risks can be classified into three categories: †¢Credit risk †¢Market risk (interest rate risk, liquidity risk) †¢Operational risk CREDIT RISK Credit risk is the â€Å"possibility of loss from a credit transaction†. In a bank’s portfolio, losses stem from outright default due to inability or unwillingness of a customer or counterparty to meet commitments in relation to lending, trading, settlement and other financial transactions. Credit risk emanates from bank? s dealings with individuals, corporate, bank, financial institution or a sovereign. Credit risk includes the following: †¢Credit growth in the organisation and composition of the credit folio in terms of sectors, centres, and size of borrowing activities so as to assess  the extent of credit concentration. Credit quality in terms of standard, sub-standard, doubtful and loss-making assets. †¢Extent of the provisions made towards poor quality credits. †¢Volume of off-balance-sheet exposures having a bearing on the credit portfolio. MARKET RISK Market risk is the possibility of loss to a bank caused by changes in the market variables. Market risk is the risk to the banks earnings and capital due to changes in the market level of interest rates or prices of securities, foreign exchange and equities, as well as the volatilities of those prices. Operational risk is the â€Å"risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events†. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS The word â€Å"process† connotes a continuing activity or function towards a particular result. The process is the vehicle to implement an organisation’s risk principles and policies, aided by organisational structure. In general, the process can be summarised as follows: †¢Risk identification. †¢Risk measurement. †¢Risk monitoring. †¢Risk control. VIJAYA BANK INTRODUCTION Vijaya Bank is a nationalized scheduled commercial bank. The bank celebrated its platinum jubilee last financial year as it was established in 1931. The bank was nationalized on 15. 4. 1980 under the banking companies (Acquisition Transfer undertakings) Act, 1980 and Nationalized banks (Management Miscellaneous Provisions) Scheme 1980. The bank is also governed by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and is engaged in various businesses as fully defined under Section 6 of the said Act. Presently the Govt. Of India’s share in the Bank’s equity works out to 53. 87%. The bank is managed by a duly constituted Board of directors. The present strength of Board of directors of the bank is 12, comprising of 2 executive and 10 non-executive directors having expertise in various fields. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The organisational structure of the bank consists of three tiers viz. , Head office, Regional offices and branches. The Head office is in Bangalore. The bank has 20 regional offices to exercise immediate supervision and control over the branches under their jurisdiction. All regional offices are headed by experienced executives in senior/top management grade. Further, as the extended wings of the central inspection department, the bank has set up 9 regional inspectorates. HISTORY Vijaya Bank was founded on 23rd October 1931 by late Shri Attavara Balakrishna Shetty and other enterprising farmers in Mangalore, Karnataka. The objective of the founders was essentially to promote banking habit, thrift and entrepreneurship among the farming community of Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka State. The bank became a scheduled bank in 1958. Vijaya Bank steadily grew into a large All India Bank, with 9 smaller banks merging with it during the 1963-68. The credit for this merger as well as growth goes to late Shri M. Sunder Ram Shetty, who was then the Chief Executive of the bank. The bank was nationalised on 15th April 1980. The bank has built a network of 1250 branches, 48 extension counters and 663 ATMs as at 31. 10. 2011, that span all 28 states and 4 union territories in the country. FOUNDING PRINCIPLE To promote banking habit, thrift and entrepreneurship among the farming community of Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka state. CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN VIJAYA BANK The bank’s net profit has seen a growth of 234% and the total business is up by 16%. The banks deposits are up by 13% and gross advances are up by 19%. The credit risk exposure is increased to 80064. 90 as of Sep, 30 2011. The credit risk of the bank has decreased over the past five years. They have installed an integrated risk management system in line with BASEL II norms and RBI guidelines. They follow strict hedging policies to reduce credit risk of the bank. They take financial collaterals and guarantees to hedge their credit risk. Hence all the policies and strategies have led to a sound credit risk management system. The bank has put in place a robust risk management architecture with due focus not only on capital optimisation, but also on profit maximization, i. e. to do maximum business out of the available capital which in turn maximize profit or return on equity. In capital planning process, the bank reviews: †¢Current capital requirement of the bank †¢The targeted and sustainable capital in terms of business strategy and risk appetite. Capital need and capital optimization are monitored periodically by the CapitalPlanning Committee comprising Top Executives. Sensitivity analysis is conducted quarterly on the movement of Capital Adequacy Ratio, considering the projected growth in advances, investments in Subsidiaries/ Joint Ventures and the impact of Basel II framework etc. The Committee takes into consideration various options available for capital augmentation in tune with business growth and realignment of Capital structure duly undertaking the scenario analysis for capital optimization. CRAR of the Bank is projected to be well above the 12% in the medium term horizon of 3 years, as prescribed in the ICAPP Policy. The Bank’s policies maintain moderation in risk appetite and a healthy balance between risk and return in a prudent manner. The primary risk management goals are to maximize value for share holders within acceptable parameters and to the requirements of regulatory authorities, depositors and other stakeholders. The guiding principles in risk management of the Bank comprise of Compliance with regulatory and legal requirements, achieving a balance between risk and return, ensuring independence of risk functions, and aligning risk management and business objectives. The Credit Risk Management process of the Bank is driven by a strong organizational culture and sound operating procedures, involving corporate values, attitudes, competencies, employment of business intelligence tools, internal control culture, effective internal reporting and contingency planning. The overall objectives of the Bank? s Credit Risk Management are to: †¢Ensure credit growth, both qualitatively and quantitatively that would be sectorally balanced, diversified with optimum dispersal of risk. †¢Ensure adherence to the regulatory prudential norms on exposures and portfolios. Adequately enable to price various risks in the credit exposure. †¢Form part of an integrated system of risk management encompassing identification, measurement, monitoring and control. POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROCESSES The Board of directors and Risk management Committee of the Board gives directions, the Credit Risk management committee headed by Chairman and Managing Director ensures its implementation. The bank has defined policy guidelines for Credit Risk Management, Collateral Management and Credit Risk Mitigation (CRM), Ratings, etc. The bank has taken up implementation of Integrated Risk Management system through six solutions for Credit Risk Rating, Credit Risk, Market Risk, Operational Risk, and ALM FTP to move towards advanced BASEL II norms. The Income recognition and Asset classification norms of Banks? policy are in tune with RBI guidelines. Ninety days delinquency norm is followed to classify assets as performing non-performing. The data is audited and adequate provisions for both performing and non-performing assets are made. For restructured assets additional provision is made and the bank also has a general floating provision. The general principles, like having a specific lien, requisite minimum margin stipulation, valuation, legal certainty, documentation, periodical inspection, easy liquidity etc. as enumerated in BASEL II final guidelines of RBI has been used for credit risk mitigation techniques. †¢All the prescribed haircuts with adjustments for currency mismatch and maturity mismatch are done. †¢The financial collaterals are netted out of the credit exposure before assigning the risk weights. The effect of credit risk mitigation system is not double counted. †¢The financial collaterals taken include: 1. Bank’s own term deposits.